AI factories are a relatively new concept in the context of the digital economy. The term doesn’t necessarily refer to physical factories in the traditional sense, but rather integrated systems (software, hardware, and data infrastructure) that continuously develop, train, refine, and deploy artificial intelligence models—often at scale. Think of them as pipelines or assembly lines for creating and updating AI solutions.

The liquid-cooled products offered by the DC operators are still in a very early concept stage. Adopting a certain way of measuring and reporting liquid-cooled PUE is difficult, so it is likely to be very crude, as you explained.